A Comparative Analysis of television channels FIVE and BBC Essay Example for Free

A Comparative Analysis of television channels FIVE and BBC Essay Television is a powerful media source, bringing stories to billions across the globe. It has been called the most awesome God-less force in the modern world and it is now seen as a major part of everyday life. The average person spends 4 hours a day watching TV becoming roughly 1/3 of a persons typical waking hours. Television is a constructed view of reality, sometimes exaggerated extremely, solely to create entertainment. In the UK, there are five major terrestrial television channels, (four organisations) with some being vastly more successful than others. The BBC is the only organisation not to make money from advertising. Their money is generated from the TV Licence fee, and this type of broadcasting is known as Public Service Broadcasting. Channel 5 is perhaps seen as the least successful of the five TV channels, possibly due to the fact that it is the youngest. The channel began in 1995, but it was not able to broadcast nationally as many of the populations televisions could not receive it. The company offered to retune every TV that couldnt receive it, before the big launch in 1997. A long advertising campaign was launched, known as Give Me Five in an attempt to draw in viewers. On the 30th March, 1997, Channel 5 was launched at 6pm, attracting an audience of 2. 4 million people, a figure higher than the launch of Channel 4, fifteen years earlier. This new channel neither had the money or reputation to buy and broadcast potentially successful material. Perhaps getting off to a bad start, the main schedule consisted of home and cookery programmes, cheap US exports, and late night pornography. However, Channel 5 did receive praise for its news programming, and soon the ratings became consistently acceptable. The channel gained more money, and was soon able to buy better quality shows, such as Home Away. In 2002, Channel 5 underwent a major image modification. The name changed from Channel 5 to simply, Five, and progressed itself as a serious rival to the other 4 channels. However, the channel has not been without its flaws. For example, Friends spin-off series, Joey, was bought by Five in 2005. Despite a high-profile launch and ad campaign, the program received poor ratings and was eventually cancelled. Similarly, other shows such as Robot Wars and CD:UK proved to be a flop for the channel. These unsuccessful shows have seemingly increased the channels poor reputation. In the channels first year of broadcasting, five receives its lowest audience shares of 2. 3%, but this can be expected from a debuting channel. Fifteen years earlier, Channel 4 received even lower audience shares on its opening night, although it could be argued that people watched less television in the 1980s. The audience shares increased, and peaked in 2004. The channel has the lowest audience share of the terrestrial channels, but, in its defence, Five is not received in all of the UKs homes. Like all of the other terrestrial channels, Five now has sister channels, Five US and Five Life. These two channels are both somewhat successful, but other sister channels, such as ITV2, E4 and BBC Three are proving to be more viewed. Nowadays, Five is able to branch out and buy successful US shows such as Prison Break and House, as well as buying programmes from other channels in 2008, Five bought Neighbours from the BBC. The BBC was established in the early 1920s, but it was not until 1936 that the channel began its regular television broadcasting as a public service TV channel. However, it was further suspended after WWII began, until 1946 when the permanent service was established. The BBCs mission was to inform, educate and entertain and is still taken into account today. The BBC broadcasts a wide variety of programmes on both of its channels, BBC1 and BBC2. The BBCs major programme is EastEnders, the popular primetime soap. On a weekly basis, the soap receives the highest rating of all terrestrial shows, with only the ITV1 soap, Coronation Street, (and occasionally reality shows such as The X Factor and Dancing On Ice) playing as its rival. Other BBC shows, such as Top Gear, Doctor Who and Little Britain have all been a success throughout the last decade, further improving the channels ratings and reputation. In an attempt to branch out and widen its audience, the BBC has recently made some unlikely purchases. In 2007, the channel brought the successful US show Heroes to BBC2. The show quickly became a phenomenon, and is different from what would usually be broadcast on BBC2. The BBC continues to dominate terrestrial TV, by finding ways to bring in more viewers. The programmes vary from food, to lifestyle, to documentary, to political. The BBC is now contending with ITV in the reality market, as it now features shows looking for new west-end stars, and the ever popular series, Strictly Come Dancing. BBC1 receives the highest audience share of the 5 channels, with an average of 26%. It is seen as the main channel, and regularly receives high ratings. This major organisation has the money to do whatever it pleases, and this has shown over the last decade. The BBC now has 8 channels BBC1, BBC2, BBC Three, BBC Four, BBC News 24, BBC Parliament, CBBC and CBeebies. These 8 channels prove to cater for everyone. BBC Three is the most popular of the sister channels, frequently receiving new material such as Lily Allen and Friends and Gavin Stacey. The channel is a lighter version of BBC1, with a more comedic element. The BBC now broadcasts internationally. A new channel, BBC America, was launched in 1998, and has carried programming from the BBC to the USA, such as Torchwood and The Graham Norton Show. BBC America is part of two international channels, the other being BBC World. A recent feature of the BBC, BBC iPlayer, has recently been introduced. It has become an on-demand online video player, with unlimited access to BBC shows. The iPlayer is proving extremely popular, with more than 3. 5 million programmes downloaded in its opening week. However, despite the BBC being a major empire, the company relies on the licence fee. It is the only channel not to rely on income through advertising. The core belief of public service television is that it is free from the pressures of commercial TV, and, as its income is guaranteed, public service TV is freer to explore. But this does not mean it can become complacent. High audience shares are still needed because, if they were to fall, the licence fee would be in serious jeopardy. For years, there has been a debate as to whether public service broadcasting should continue. Naturally, the BBC wishes for it to continue, whereas others disagree. The BBC has very little to do to secure its funding, whereas the commercial companies have to work to get their income. The opponents of public service television argue that it is simply another form of taxation. With the arrival and expansion of satellite and cable, some people have no interest in the public service channels. For the BBC, public service broadcasting means that certain pressures are put upon them, but their income is fixed. The BBC could be said to have better quality shows due to them receiving easy money, and it also means that their programmes can be longer, due to the fact that they dont have to make time for advertising. However, for Channel 5, public service television means that there are no pressures. The channel can show what they want (within reason) but their income is variable. Unsurprisingly, the commercial channels are against the licence fee, as it seems unfair. It seems as if the media are in constant debate over whether the licence fee should continue, as many people pay considerable sums for services in which they have no interest in.

Influence of the Modernist Ideal City

Influence of the Modernist Ideal City The influence of the modernist ideal city, on urban design and master planning Introduction This essay will focus on the influence of Modernist Ideal City movement. At first showing that understanding of social, political and economic background is necessary, along with contemporary technological influences. Secondly, the purpose, principles and results of the movement will be illustrated. Then using the case study-Brasilia demonstrates the influence of the modernist ideal city. Finally, a critical view of historic and future of the movement will be provided. Background At the age of Early 20th, in most of western countries, the industrial revolution was dropping towards the end. With the development of technology and the increase of the social wealth, the population of 1800 1880 1910 Pars 647,000 2,200,000 3,000,000 London 800,000 3,800,000 7,200,000 Berlin 182,000 1,840,000 3,400,000 New York 60,000 2,800,000 4,500,000 Europe dramatically raised (figure 1). The contemporary cities could not stand the pressure of the population boom. A series of problem appeared, chaos, overcrowding, low efficiency, serious pollution, high density, narrow streets and lack of sunlight all threaten peoples life quality especially for lower class people. (Greed 1996, 70) Social conflict liked a time bomb hanging on the sky of the city. As Le Corbusier saidif we cannot suit to the situation of the new trend, the cities cannot meet the requirements of modern lifestyle (Corbusier 1987, 84). At this time, after the World War 1 (WW1), the Europe returned to peace. A great rebuilding process began buildings, and whole cities needed to be rebuilt. At this time, technology was vital to speed up this usually slow process. Express train and car speeded up the travel; telephone and radio reduce the commuting time and skyscrapers increased the city density. On the other hand, the modernist principles already were put forward. Both the real situation backed up and influenced by the theory basic gave people the opportunity to rethink the city of tomorrow. Finally,urban utopias emerged as the time requires, and Le Corbusier’s modernist ideal city is one of the most crucial parts (Hall 2011, 11-18, 28). The form of the modernist ideal city aimed to improve health of citizens, reduce commuting times, create more open space and get more sunlight, this way le Corbusier wanted to solve the social conflict (Greed 1996, 101-102). In 1914, Le Corbusier stated the Dom-ino House (figure 2). It is made of reinforce concrete and it reject the traditional load bearing wall. The frame structure frees the internal space which can be divided freely. low-cost, convenient, uniformity and standardisation all those figures show why He believed the Dom-ino system can meet the people’s requirements after WW1 (Frampton 2001, 21-22). In 1922, Le Corbusier published a blueprint of a contemporary city with 3,000,000 residents. And it was the first time for Le Corbusier to describe a whole ideal city. He searched a pure mechanism order. In his eyes, humanity would lost from chaos but revive from the pure order. In order to express the order, pure forms was used by le Corbusier. All the elements of city such as houses, roads, industries, offices even human were classified by function (Corbusier 1987, 15). The whole city was planned by clear hierarchy of class; people were divided into three parts, citizens, suburban dwellers and the mixed sort people. Roughly 400,000 to 600,000 citizens who were treated as urban elites lived in the 24 60-storey skyscrapers in the city centre. In Corbusier’s opinion these skyscrapers were vertical streets, which contain shops, hotels, etc. Furthermore, they only covered about 15% area of the entire city, which dramatically increase the density. At the same time, considered the environment pollution and human needs, the rest 85% of ground should be free for green lands. The working class (about 2,000,000) was planned to live in the garden city, which was influence by the garden city movement (Corbusier 1987, 163-176). On the other hand, fast traffic played an important role in the city. He (Corbusier 1987, 191) pointed out â€Å"that the city which can achieve speed will achieves success-and this is an obvious truth.† The whole city was connected by transportation system. And planner used symmetrical grid of streets to replace traditional â€Å"corridor street†. Two great arterial highways ran north and south, and east and west intersecting at the exact centre of the city (Corbusier 1987, 163-176). In general, the whole city worked as a huge machine. In 1932, Le Corbusier showed a more daring blueprint-The Radiant City that was more authoritarian and more libertarian than the Plan Voisin. The principle of design is existenzminimum (Corbusier 1976, 6-7). Every building would be strictly designed on the human scale. Furthermore, the radiant city has no class divisions. All of the people live in high-rise apartment blocks â€Å"Unità ©s†. Each block intended for 2,700 people and included individual service and public facilities such as shops, restaurant, swimming pools and gymnasiums (Corbusier 1967, 162). In order to avoid waste of space, the size of the apartment was decided by the family’s needs not class. Buildings raised on pilotis free the ground land and would be benefit to fast traffic and green land. Symmetrical grid of highway connected the whole anti-street city (Frampton 2001, 51). Same as the Dom-ino house, the radiant city from a single room to an entire city applies low cost and mass production techniqu es. In addition, these blocks only covered about 12% land. The rest area 100% ground area plus 12% top area of buildings were made up the green city. South facing glass wall, roof terraces and big open space made the city more radiant (Corbusier 1976, 44, 163). At the following years, Four Unità © d’Habitations were built in UK including Park Hill, Sheffield, Alton West, Roehampton, Barbican, London, and South Acton Estate, London. In general, the modernist ideal city could be described an order city; a functional city; a machine city; a high-rise city; a green city; a radiant city and a fast-traffic city. Case study There is no other cities can completely show Corbusier’s ideas liked Brasilia, although he wasn’t involved in the design (Hall 2002, 230).From 1956 to 1960, in order to narrow the gap between rich and poor and strengthen the development of interior area, a new capital-Brasilia that was designed by Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyerhas been built. (Epstein 1973, 9) Brasilia as a totally new capital, without historical context, embodies a symbol of the modern movement (Hall 2002, 232). It means that costa got the best chance to seek to a pure order liked Corbusier. This order can be shown that the whole plan was axisymmetric and was divided different area by its function and residential area, working area and leisure area was linked by fast traffic (Evenson 1973, 146-153). In details dragonfly, bird, airplane, body and fuselage always are used to describe and plan the Brasilia. Roughly 10 kilometres monumental axis link east and west. From east to west, respectively, were gov ernmental buildings, uniform office blocks and train station. The uniformrectangle residential districtthat included shops, apartments etc. were located at both sides of the wind shape north-south axis. And the connection of the two axes was called rodoviaria that was designed as a centre of commerce, culture and entertainment. In addition, artificial lakes were surrounded north, east and south, zoo and serial small factories were near to train station (Issitt 2014). In general we can say, under the influence of modernist ideal city, Brasilia is an order, functional, green jet very motorised city. However,same as the theory of modernist ideal city, critics of Brasilia never stop from the first day of it built. With the development of city, a great deal of problems emerges. In fact, people are not willing to live in Brasilia. In 2000, the population of Brasilia was above stunning 2,000,000 citizens which was 4 times more than origin plan. Yet about 75% lived in outside of planning area, which, implement low density of population. Because of Brasilia being so motorised, and extensively large, it is almost impossible to travel the city by foot. In addition due to the rigid functional zone, human behaviour was strongly ruled (Evenson 1973, 118). Conclusion In my opinion, the modernist ideal city movement was the product of era. And the design of Brasilia was a great experiment, which successfully proved that the theory of modernist ideal city cannot totally suit to a real world. The fact proved that the modernist ideal city is good-looking but not practical. Personally, Le Corbusier was contradictory, he rationally planned the whole city but perceptually wanted to destroy the original city; he rationally ruled behaviours of human but perceptually thought that everyone has the same requirements; he rationally treated house as a machine but perceptually treated human as a machine too. Furthermore, the most controversial point is that the modernist ideal city is an autocratic city that does not leave any space to other possibilities. It is a unique answer for le Corbusier (Marshall 2009, 38). However, no one can ignore the worldwide influence of the movement especially in post-war time, we can still find the shadow of Le Corbusier in many modern cities such as London, Canberra, shanghai, etc. With time goes by, various movements of urban deign emerged. People, nowadays, reach a consensus that we need to find a balance point between economy, environment and social well-being and build a sustainable city. References Clara H. Greed, Introducing town planning (Harlow: Longman, 1996), 70. David G. Epstein, Brasilia, Plan and Reality (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), 9. Kenneth Frampton, Le Corbusier (London: Thames Hudson, 2001), 21-22, 51. Le Corbusier, The city of to-morrow and its planning (New York: Dover, 1987), 15, 84, 163-176, 191. Le Corbusier, The radiant city: elements of a doctrine of urbanism to be used as the basis of our machine-age civilization (New York: Orion Press, 1967), 6-7, 44, 162-163. Micah L. Issitt, â€Å"Brasà ­lia, Brazil,† Salem Press Encyclopedia, January, 2014. Norma Evenson, Two Brazilian capitals: architecture and urbanism in Rio de Janeiro and Brasà ­lia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), 118, 146-153. Peter Hall, Cities of tomorrow: an intellectual history of urban planning and design in the twentieth century (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2002), 230, 232. Peter Hall, Urban and regional planning (London: Routledge, 2011), 11-18, 28. Stephen Marshall, Cities, Design Evolution (Routledge, 2009), 38.

The Role of Educational Institutions in New Business Trends Essay

Jon-Arild Johannessen, a professor of Management and Innovation at Harstad University and Bjà ¸rn Olsen, a professor of Management and Organizational Behaviour at Bodà ¸ Graduate School of Business, Norway (2010) asserted â€Å"with this economic landscape, knowledge itself became a key factor of production—specifically, knowledge related to identifying and exploiting new ways to establish temporary competitive advantage† (p. 502). However, consider today’s company that conducts and performs business in a global level. Under globalization the environment also creates a higher level of competition in business. Therefore, how such a company enable itself to win in at business in the global game. A company needs accurate information for analyzing and evaluating business trends and the competitive environment in such markets for producing the right decision. Meanwhile, such a company needs talents who obtain leadership skills to play the role of decision-making. A s a result, educational institutions may need to prepare graduates to be able to use information effectively relevant to business strategy. Accordingly, these new business trends would affect a company’s strategy in human resources management, especially in the area of staffing. Because the new business strategy requires the use of these elements for achieving results, such as information, knowledge, and competence combined with technology, which focuses on the customer (customer centric) (Johannessen & Olsen, 2010). Meanwhile, the new business strategy would require certain personal talents as a leadership to use those elements to perform corporate tasks. Consider the elements of the new business trends that function as the business process, which identifies talents in using an in... ...alents to be ready for business practices. Works Cited Badke, W. (2009). How we failed the net generation. Online, 33(4), pp. 47-49. Retrieved from EBSCOhost database. doi: 2010356030 Johannessen, J., & Olsen, B. (2010). The future of value creation and innovation: Aspacts of a theory of value creation and innovation in a global knowledge economy. International Journal of Information Management, 30(6), pp. 502-511. Retrieved from Science Direct database. doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2010.03.007 Rusell, P. (2009). Why universities need information literacy now more than ever. Feliciter, 55(3), pp. 92-94. Retrieved from EBSCOhost database. doi: 41553415 Turusheva, L. (2009). Students’ information competence and its importance for life-long education. Problem of Education in the 21st Century, 12, pp. 126-132. Retrieved from EBSCOhost database. doi: 42742862

Modern-Day Discrimination in America

Tim Manyak 10/21/12 English ! 01 DISCRIMINATION IN AMERICA Although great strides have been made in the past century for awareness and avoidance of discrimination of all types, these practices remain prevalent to some extent. There has been a change in perception such that when the term discrimination is used that it refers primarily to racial bias against minorities. Racial discrimination towards any particular group is to be condemned. The prevailing stereotype may be that racial discrimination is mostly directed toward African Americans but there is ample evidence that it is also directed toward other groups.Therefore, it is important to raise awareness of these occurrences so that all may try to avoid such practices and activities. One group of people in particular that are discriminated against is Hispanics. Bias against Hispanics is well documented and it is difficult to separate whether this discrimination is on the basis of ethnic or racial grouping. Hispanics are discriminat ed against in several ways. One example of this discrimination is Arizona’s ratification of â€Å"The  Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act†.This is a law that requires all aliens older than fourteen be registered with the U. S. government, and be in possession of these documents at all times. The law also makes it illegal for any alien to be in Arizona without carrying these documents with them and, thus, subjects them to arrest. This law encourages racial profiling because it makes it legal for law enforcement officials to arrest any alien on suspicion of being an illegal immigrant. Another group of people that are discriminated against is Whites.In recent times, it would seem that people are selected or considered for something based more so on the fact that they are a minority. A substantial amount of racial bias is brought upon by affirmative action as well. A prime example of this would be the case Fisher vs. University of Texas. In this case, student Abigail Fisher felt she was denied admission to the University of Texas based on the fact that she was white, not on her academic performance. In 2003, the Supreme Court passed a law saying that race could play a role in the admissions process of universities, again encouraging racial profiling.Another example of racial discrimination against Whites would be the media bias in the Trayvon Martin case. Many news stations were quick to draw conclusions and pass judgment on George Zimmerman. In an attempt to make the attack seem racially motivated, some stations even played edited versions of the recorded 911 call made by Zimmerman minutes before the attack. Racial oppression of Whites occurs daily in America, and while on some occasions subtle, it continues diminish the lives of citizens all over the country.Another population of Americans that are heavily discriminated against are the Sikhs. Sikhs are a religious people, originally from South Asia, and very rich in culture an d tradition. Sikhs are often confused with Muslims, who are of a completely different religion and background. As a result of this confusion and the many conflicts between the U. S. and the Middle East, Sikhs have received a very considerable amount of racial discrimination from other people. An example of this discrimination took place in Oak Creek, Wisconsin.Wade Michael Page, a white supremacist, walked into a local Sikh temple and opened fire, killing six and injuring another four, before taking his own life with a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head. No one is completely certain as to why Page committed this horrifying crime, but experts strongly imply that it was racially induced. Sikhs have faced the most brutal and direct type of discrimination due to the consistent conflict with the Middle East throughout the last decade.With the number of racially motivated crimes in America constantly increasing, it is also becoming increasingly more evident that there is much to be done to restore the fairness in America today. In order for true equality to occur in America, it is up to it’s citizens to overcome decades of ignorance and injustice. Racial discrimination exists against all races. Awareness of the problem will help continue the fight against discrimination. We must all do our part to be aware and prevent discrimination.

The Micmac essays

The Micmac essays The Micmac natives were one of the first inhabitants that arrived from Asia to the North American continent. They crossed Bering Strait, which was covered by the last glaciation, approximately 30,000 years ago. Upon the settlement of the continent, the Micmac finally settled in the Maritimes. Here, they established themselves as people and as the dominant tribe in the Canadian Maritimes. The Micmac were semi-nomadic since they routinely moved between summer fishing villages near the coast to inland locations for winter hunting. Their culture was established to distinguish them from the other native tribes settled nearby. Their clothing gave them a significant amount of freedom and was created, once again; to keep their tribe more characterized. Soon, came the contact with Europeans. The Micmac were probably the first Native Americans to have regular contact with the Europeans. This contact may have occurred as early as the 11th century with the Viking settlements on the coast of N orth America, or possibly with the Basque fishermen who visited the Grand Banks before Columbus voyage in 1492. Before long, the European contact became very influential upon the Micmac peoples and integration of the two began. The Micmac were the most influential tribe in the Maritimes and their contact with the Europeans almost caused their own eradication. The Micmac were the more prevailing tribe in the Canadian Maritimes, but in most ways their language was similar to the other tribes. Their language belonged to the Algonquian family of languages. It was known to be very rich and descriptive. Because the Micmac language contains some characteristics of Cree, many historians believe that the reason for this is because they moved into the Canadian Maritimes from the north possibly with the Cree. With their partial settlement they created in North America, the Micmac did very little farming because for the most part, they were too far north t...

Uintatherium Facts and Figures

Uintatherium Facts and Figures Name: Uintatherium (Greek for Uinta beast); pronounced WIN-tah-THEE-ree-umHabitat: Plains of North AmericaHistorical Period: Middle Eocene (45-40 million years ago)Size and Weight: About 13 feet long and 1-2 tonsDiet: PlantsDistinguishing Characteristics: Large size; small brain; three pairs of knobby horns on the skull About Uintatherium One of the first prehistoric megafauna mammals ever to be discovered, in late-nineteenth-century Wyoming, Uintatherium figured in the Bone Wars waged between the famous American paleontologists Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel C. Marsh. This bizarre, plant-eating beast was worth a good fight: Uintatherium was distinguished by the three, count em, three pairs of knobby horns on its head (which may only have grown on males, as a way to increase their attractiveness to females during mating season), making it look a bit like a mutated rhinoceros. (So enamored were Cope and Marsh of Uintatherium that they managed to name it half a dozen times, the now-discarded genera including Dinoceras, Ditetradon, Elachoceras, Octotomus, Tinoceras and Uintamastix.) As with other early mammals of the Eocene epoch, about 40 million years ago, Uintatherium didnt exactly excel in the intelligence department, with an unusually small brain compared to the rest of its bulky bodyno doubt an artifact of its plant-eating diet and its relative lack of natural enemies, as full-grown Uintatherium adults would have been virtually immune to predation.  How it survived for so long is a bit of a mystery, one compounded by the fact that this mysterious beast (and its fellow uintatheres) vanished completely off the face of the earth by the later Eocene epoch, leaving very few fossil remains in its wake. One theory is that Uintatherium was gradually displaced by better-adapted megafauna mammals, such as the thunder beast Brontotherium.

Essay on Internet Governance

Essay on Internet Governance Essay on Internet Governance define internet gov. why is IG important? rival visons and CONTROVERSY In an age of globalisation...Internet is rapidly growing so now more then ever there is a higher demand for information. Ig plays a huge role in ensuring that the internet is fuctional, but one question would be who should manage the essential backbone and architeture of the internet in particular the dns, particularly gtld and the allocation of the ip address this are all fundamental needs if the internet is to function effectively this is done by ICANN the ig IS comIng under increasing coceptual, political, and technological pressure from growth of the internet in other to reduce conflict the UN has decided to have meeting and conferences bringing in delegates round a table to talk and some of the rival visions which have imerged from these meetings are power the technicalites of internet governance provokes a wider concerns over political, cultural and ramifications, concerns that are reflected in the debates ov weather the internet should be governed through genuly internat ional structures with distinct legal personality under international law or weather the leagal roots should remain embeded in the fertile soil from where it was first cultivated in the domestic jurisdiction of the USA most people Everybody already agrees that governments are sovereign within their own territories but Who exactly benefits (and who is harmed) when national governments harmonize their national laws concerning the Internet if the power where to shift to the goverment so this could be controversal as many of these countries are engaged in â€Å"monitoring, filtering, censoring and criminalising free speech online.† It seems that the most reasonable hypothesis is that countries like Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, China, United Arab Emirates, Russian Federation, Iraq, and Sudan would benefit from a â€Å"national Internet